According to WHO diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose which leads to the passage of time to damage to heart, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. Diagnosing tests for prediabetes and diabetes is very important in this regard. I will be discussing these diagnosing tests in this article. The most common type of diabetes is type 2 which is also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Type 1 is a chronic condition in which the body fails to produce sufficient amount of insulin. 422 million people Almost 422 million people worldwide have diabetes. Mostly low and middle-income countries have more diabetic patients. Diabetes is the leading cause of death in the world. Do I need a diagnostic test for diabetes? You should need a diagnostic test for prediabetes and diabetes if you are Overweight (Age over 45 years) Facing additional risk such as High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol Family History of Diabetes Gestational Diabetes (Diabetes during pregnancy) Diagnostic Test Frequency A person with normal blood glucose but falls in the above risk factors should be tested every three years. Prediabetic should be tested for diabetes every one to two years. Diagnostic Test for Prediabetes and Diabetes There are three types of a diagnostic test which are commonly used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. HbA1C (Glycosylated hemoglobin test) The Glycosylated hemoglobin or A1C test is major diagnostic prediabetes and diabetes. It measures your average blood glucose control for the past three months. This test is more convenient because no fasting is required. Range 5.7 percent to 6.4 = Prediabetes 6.5 percent or higher = Diabetes Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) A fasting plasma glucose test requirement includes fasting (nothing to eat or drink except water) for eight hours before the test. To conduct this test, the pathologist draws blood from the patient. Then the plasma (the fluid part of the blood) is combined with some chemical to determine the amount of glucose in the plasma, which is measured in mg/dL. The following below contains the FPG test’s blood glucose ranges for prediabetes and diabetes. 100-125 mg/dL = Prediabetes 126 mg/dL or more = Diabetes Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) This test calculates how good the body digest a standard amount of glucose. To perform this test, the pathologist will draw blood before and two hours after you drink a known amount of glucose drink. Then, your doctor can compare the before-and-after glucose levels contained in your plasma to see how well your body digests the sugar. These levels are measured in mg/dL. Below mentioned the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ranges for prediabetes and diabetes. 140-199 mg/dL = Prediabetes 200 mg/dL or above = Diabetes Learn more about Diabetes.
Dengue Fever: An Easy Awareness Guide
Its symptoms majorly appear three to fourteen days after infection. Dengue virus is transmitted through the bite of a female mosquito known as Anopheles. In this article, I will discuss briefly dengue fever for the purpose of public awareness. Dengue Fever Serotypes Dengue fever virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. This fever majorly caused by four genetically related but antigenically distinct dengue virus (DENV) serotypes DENV-1 DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4 While DENV-1 and DENV-2 are the major circulating serotypes. Epidemiology In 2018, there were 23 deaths due to dengue reported in Pakistan. During 2018, all federal entities in the country reported cases, with incidence rates ranging from 8.7 to 199.4 cases per 100,000 population (in Portuguesa and Delta Amacuro, respectively) During 2018 total of 464 suspected cases of Diphtheria were reported. Last week 16 new cases were reported. Dengue Surveillance: In 2018 total of 3204 Dengue cases were reported, from Sindh (2088) Balochistan (69), Punjab (539), KPK (332) and Tribal Districts KP (175), AJK (1). Pathophysiology The incubation period for dengue infection is 4-7 days (range 3-14).1 It may be asymptomatic or may result in a spectrum of illness ranging from undifferentiated mild febrile illness to severe disease, with or without plasma leakage and organ impairment. Symptomatic dengue infection is a systemic and dynamic disease with clinical, hematological and serological profiles changing from day today. These changes accelerate within hours or even minutes during the critical phase, particularly in those with plasma leakage. Disease Monitoring Tests White cell count (WCC) and Platelet count In the early febrile phase, WCC and platelet count are usually normal but will decrease rapidly as the disease progresses. The decrease in WCC is accompanied by platelet reduction. There is no correlation between disease severity and platelet count level III and it is not predictive of bleeding. In the recovery phase, the WCC normalize followed by platelet. Haematocrit (HCT) A rising HCT is a marker of plasma leakage in dengue infection. The median values of normal HCT level among Malaysian populations are male • < 60 years – 46% male > 60 years – 42%• female (all age groups) – 40% • Other important blood tests in disease monitoring are Liver Function Test (LFT), Renal profile (RP), coagulation profile, lactate, and blood gases. Special tests such as Troponin and Creatine Kinase (CK) should be discussed with the Specialists before performing. Major Diagnostic Tests: Rapid Combo Test This test can detect the presence of the virus as well as antibodies. It can be read within 15 – 20 minutes. If read late then it may false-positive results. In order to reduce the probability of false-positive test Dengue Antigen and Serology tests performed by ELISA. These are the most common test performed for dengue fever. Non -structural Protein (NS 1 Antigen) NS1 is basically a glycoprotein. The secretion of the NS1 protein is a hallmark of flavivirus infecting mammalian cells. It is found in the dengue fever test as well as Yellow fever and West Nile fever infection. The rate of detection is much better primary as compared to the secondary phase. As NS1 the sensitivity reduces after 4 – 5 days and almost undetectable after the recovery phase. Dengue IgM test It is the most widely used ELISA serological test. The antibody concentration is considerably higher in primary infection as compared to the secondary one. As soon as it is detectable its level rises almost two weeks after the symptoms appear. In 80%-99% of cases in primary dengue infection, it is detectable after 5 – 6 days. However, it is detected in 78% of patients in secondary patients almost at day seven due to the presence of IgG. So, 28% of secondary infections of dengue undiagnosed when only IgM assay performed. Dengue IgG test After seven of dengue fever infection, IgG was detectable 100% of the patient. It is recommended to repeat the IgG test even if the IgM test is still negative after seven days along with the negative result of IgG in the initial test sample. Management There is no specific treatment available for dengue Acetaminophen is used to alleviate pain and reduce fever. Avoid analgesics that can lead to elevate bleeding complications such as aspirin, ibuprofen & naproxen sodium. Avoid using antibiotics. If you have severe dengue fever, you may need: Supportive care in a hospital Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte replacement Blood pressure monitoring Transfusion to replace blood loss
How to Apply for HEC Foreign Scholarships
Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan is a constitutional institute. The primary responsibilities of HEC include primary funding, overseeing, regulating, and accrediting higher education efforts in Pakistan. Every student dreams to get a fully funded foreign scholarship. The good news is that HEC provides every student an equal chance to avail of foreign scholarships. Most of our students are unaware of how to apply for HEC foreign scholarships. In this article, I will discuss in detail how to apply for foreign scholarships. Online Application on HEC Log on to e-portal of HEC eportal.hec.gov.pk/arl Register yourself by completing your profile. Make sure to provide your authentic information. After getting register on e-portal HEC give access to an online application system of current scholarships available. In the left-hand panel of e-portal click on “Learning Opportunities Abroad” under “Scholarship and Grant” . Let us take an example of Commonwealth Scholarships for Masters and Ph.D. in the United Kingdom. HEC provides an external link of EAS (Electronic Application System) of this scholarship. You have to fill all the application form with all the required fields. Upload the required documents (Scanned Passport, Transcript and Research Proposal Letter). After completing the application click on “submit” to submit the application. Keep in mind that no application will be accepted by the Higher Education Commission without submitting it online on both platforms (HEC and relevant scholarship EAS). Be alert of the application submission deadline on air by Higher Education Commission. After that, no application will be accepted. Take the print of the application, just for your record purpose. Deposit Rs. 500/- in favor of HEC online Account No. 17427900133401 in HBL, Shalimar Recording Company Branch, H-9, Islamabad. You can deposit this fee in any branch of HBL in Pakistan. Attach the deposit slip in original with your application and do not attach other documents. Do not send your application at this stage. Only shortlisted candidates will be notified to send the application. Important Note Higher Education Commission may conduct tests or interviews to shortlist candidates so be ready for it. They will shortlist eligible applicants on the basis of selection criteria, highest academic merit, quality of study/research plan, and relevancy of candidate’s selected field with Pakistan’s future development needs and the number of scholarship slots allocated for Pakistani students. In case of submitting false information at any stage, the Higher Education Commission reserves the right to cancel and debar for all future scholarships as well as impose a penalty, as decided by HEC. You may be interested in reading How to write a research proposal. Carefully read the article as it is mandatory to submit a research proposal to get a scholarship. Also, read How to become a registered pharmacist in the U.K.
Growth Promotion Test: An Easy Guide
Microorganisms require nutrition and artificial habitat to grow in a microbiological laboratory. Nutrition is provided in the form of culture media and other additives. In order to check the effectiveness of culture media, growth promotion test is used. Growth promotion test ensures that culture media is fit for microorganism’s growth or not. Growth promotion test is performed on culture media only. In this article, I will explain how to perform this test in easy steps. Types of Growth Promotion Test Quantitative Analysis Used for the media that is used for enumeration testing Tryptic Soy Agar Sabourad Dextrose Agar R2A Agar Semi-Quantitative Analysis (Agar) Used for selective media Mannitol Salt Phenol Red Agar Cetrimide Agar Triple Sugar Iron Agar Levine EMB Agar XLD Agar Semi-Quantitative Analysis (Broth) Used for media broths Lactose Broth Selenite Cestine Broth Mossel Broth Malachite Green Broth Peptone Tryptic Soy Broth Procedure Test Preparation Prepare culture media as per labeled instructions, in order to check its ability to promote the growth of specific organisms. Prepare culture suspension of specific organisms. Innoculation Inoculate portions of the test culture media in plates, tubes, and bottles with 0.1 ml of specific microbial culture suspension (containing 10-100 CFU). For the selection of organisms and methods of inoculation, see the Table below. Inoculation Method and Culture Media Used Culture Media Test Organism Inoculation Method Tryptic Soy Agar S. aureus (ATCC 6538) B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) E. coli (ATCC 8739) C. albicans (ATCC 10231) Pour Plate Method Tryptic Soy Broth P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) S. aureus (ATCC 6538) B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) C. albicans (ATCC 10231) Pour Plate Method Sabouraud Dextrose Agar C. albicans (ATCC 10231) Pour Plate Method Levine EMB Agar E. coli (ATCC 8739) Streaking Use one or more environmental isolates if available, preferably in the media used for environmental monitoring, enumeration test of water and products, etc. Incubation Incubate the inoculated media at recommended temperatures specified for the organism as per Table incubation temperature of test organisms. Incubation Temperature of Test Organisms Test Organism Time Temperature C. albicans (ATCC 10231) 03 days 22.5 + 2.5 °C S. typhi (ATCC 14028) 48 hours 32.5 + 2.5 °C P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) 48 hours 32.5 + 2.5 °C E. coli (ATCC 8739) 48 hours 32.5 + 2.5 °C S. aureus (ATCC 6538) 48 hours 32.5 + 2.5 °C B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) 48 hours 32.5 + 2.5 °C Similarly, incubate the un-inoculated media as a negative control for sterility check at a specified temperature for a time specified as per Table above. There should not be present any microbial contamination in the sterility check portions of media by the completion of the incubation period. Result Interpretation Observe and note the result in your relevant notebook. Write the interpretation by comparing the acceptance criteria mentioned in Interpretation Table. Record the details of the growth promotion test, sterility and inhibition tested for each autoclaved media lot as per Table. Perform a growth promotion test on each received dehydrated lot of culture media. Growth should be clear and visible in the form of turbidity in the case of liquid media and distinct colony formation in the case of agar medium. Growth promotion results should be comparable to the previously approved batch of the media. Interpretation Table Media Test Organism Acceptance Criteria Tryptic Soy Agar S. aureus (ATCC 6538) B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) E. coli (ATCC 8739) C. albicans (ATCC 10231) No. of colonies must be within a fracture of two of the no. of colonies on the previously approved medium > 70% recovery Sabouraud Dextrose Agar C. albicans (ATCC 10231) > 70% recovery Tryptic Soy Broth P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) S. aureus (ATCC 6538) B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) C. albicans (ATCC 10231) Visible growth should be observed R2A Agar S. typhi (ATCC 14028) E. coli (ATCC 8739) > 70% recovery
NAPLEX: 11 Things a Pharmacist Should Know
NAPLEX (The North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination) is an official exam created by the NABP (National Association of Boards of Pharmacy) to assist individual state boards of pharmacy to evaluate an individual’s capability and knowledge so that he or she may be given a license to practice. In this article, I summarize important information you should be aware of the NAPLEX before you take the exam. There is a total of 250 questions in NAPLEX. Only 200 questions are used to calculate your final score. The remaining 50 questions are pretest questions which are for future NAPLEX exam, that do not impact your final score. The NAPLEX is a computer-based exam hence it is a non-adaptive exam. You have only 6 hours to complete 250 questions. It means you have 1.44 minutes to solve one question. If you fail to answer all the questions and time runs out then all unanswered questions will be scored as incorrect. Keep in mind that the majority of the questions are scenario-based. Be ready to read all the medical records data or patient profile data to get the details required to answer the questions correctly. You will also get standalone questions. The NAPLEX tutorial is before you start the exam. This will make you familiar with the exam interface. I recommend you take the tutorial. Do not skip any question as there is no negative marking. You must answer all questions in the NAPLEX. You will not allow back to the previous question once you confirm your answer. NAPLEX has a unique grading system. It’s passing score is 75. The overall score range is between 0-150 You should be aware that 67% of the NAPLEX questions cover “Safe and Effective Pharmacotherapy and Health Outcomes” and 33% of questions cover “Safe and Accurate Preparation, Compounding, Dispensing, and Administration of Medications and Provision of Health Care Products”. If you Failed in your first NAPLEX exam then there are 45 days waiting period before you can retake the exam. Please consult with your board of pharmacy regarding waiting periods since time varies between state You can take the NAPLEX up to 5 times after failed attempts (if permitted by the board of pharmacy). If you want to know the process of registration as a pharmacist in detail then read the article How to Become a Registered Pharmacist in the U.S.
Microbiological Testing of Drinking Water
Drinking Water Drinking water safety is a major concern throughout the world. We all are well aware that 90 percent of diseases are water born. Therefore drinking water should be free from pathogens. In this article, I will explain how to test drinking water in a microbiology laboratory. Preparation of Apparatus Thoroughly wash and finally rinsed glass apparatus e.g., Petri dishes pipettes, flasks, graduated cylinders with purified water and sterilized in a dry heat oven at 160ºC for 120 minutes or 170º to 180°C for not less than 60 mins. Filter units are thoroughly washed with purified water and wrapped loosely with Parchment Paper. Filter holders, scissors, forceps, with Parchment Paper, and along with wrapped filter units sterilize by autoclaving at 121°C for 30 minutes. Excessive or prolonged heating will damage the filters. It may be convenient to sterilize all the above equipment and apparatus in a suitable metal container. Procedure Total Microbial Count (Pour Plate Method) Using a sterile pipette, aseptically add 1ml of the sample into two Petri plates (run in duplicate). Aseptically add 20 – 25ml of melted R2A Agar (at about 45°C) in Petri dishes containing water samples. Swirl the plate gently, cover after solidification, invert and incubate at 30 – 35°C for 48 – 72 hrs. NOTE: The test should be conducted under LFC. Evaluation After completion of incubation, count the colony-forming units taking an average of two Petri plates for each agar medium and record the results. Membrane Filtration Method (Alternate Method) The sterilized filter of porosity (0.45mm) is aseptically placed on the filter base of the filtration assembly while the ration unit is attached to a vacuum pump. The membrane is first rinsed with 100ml of sterile Drinking water and then pour 1ml of sample to be tested (diluted sample can be tested if the count is expected). Rinsed the filter membrane again with drinking water after filtration of the sample (in membrane filtration technique for drinking water testing quantity can be increased that is instead of 1ml, 50ml or 100ml can be used, if not very high count is expected). Disassemble the filtration assembly, remove filter aseptically and placed to R2A Agar plate, incubate at 30 – 35°C for 48 – 72 hours. Evaluation After completion of incubation, count the colony forming units (the result evaluation of membrane filtration will be the total count obtained from the single filter membrane). Confirmation If the number of viable micro-organisms increased the alert limit than First Streak the morphologically identical colonies which are more in count on Tryptic Soy Agar and incubate at 30 to 35°C for 24 hours. Perform the gram staining. If morphological identical colonies are gram-negative rods confirm them with biochemical differentiation test (API 20 E & API 20 NE). If the colonies are gram-positive cocci confirm them with API Staph. Pathogenic Bacteria Identification Psudomonas aeruginosa Add 50ml of water to 25ml Malachite Green Broth (Triple Strength). Thus the final concentration of inoculated broth will always be single strength. Incubation at 35°C ± 1°C for 24 – 48 hours. From the incubated Malachite Green Broth, subculture onto the one plate of cetrimide agar. Cover, invert and incubate the dishes at 30 – 35°C for 24 – 48 hours. Examine the resulting growth as following Pseudomonas aeruginosa generally gives green colonies on Cetrimide Agar Medium. If fluorescence is checked in ultraviolet light, it will be greenish. Perform gram staining, it should be gram-negative rods. Confirmation To confirm Pseudomonas aeruginosa Oxidase test is performed. Transfer the colony to be tested to an Oxidase Detection Strip using a platinum wire loop. Spread the culture on the strip and observe for up to 5 seconds. A deep blue / violet color indicates a positive reaction. The presence must be confirmed by API 20 NE (Biochemical differentiation test). Salmonella Species Aseptically add 10ml of the sample in 90ml lactose broth, disperse and incubate at 35 – 37°C for 24 – 48 hours. If growth is present mix gently and pipette 5ml sample with double strength portions into tubes containing 10ml selenite cystine broth in the ratio 1:1, mix and incubate at 35 – 37°C up to 24 hours. Subculture on any of two plates of each medium by streaking. a- Brilliant Green Agar Medium. b- Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate Agar Medium c- Bismuth Sulfite Agar Medium Cover, invert and incubate the Petri plates at 30 – 35°C for 24 – 48 hours. Evaluation On Brilliant Green Agar Medium, Salmonella gives small, transparent, colorless or pink to white opaque colonies (frequently surrounded by pink to red zone). XLD Agar Medium, Salmonella gives red colonies that are with or without black centers. Bismuth Sulfite Agar Medium, Salmonella gives black or green colonies. Perform gram staining; it should be gram-negative rods. Confirmation To confirm Salmonella, transfer the suspected colonies with the help of inoculating wire to a butt slant of Triple Sugar Iron Agar Medium. A first streak on the surface of the slant and then stabbing the wire well beneath the surface; incubate at 30 – 35°C for 24 – 48 hours. If the slants become alkaline (red) and butt become acidic (Yellow), with or without concomitant blackening of the butt from hydrogen sulfide production, indicating the presence of genus Salmonella. Coli Form and E. coli Add 50ml of water sample into a sterile, transparent 100ml tube/flask with a screw cap. Attention: Glass apparatus is not shelf fluorescence. Take one snap pack of media Readycult® Coliforms. shortly tap to ensure the granules are at the bottom. Bend the upper part of the snap pack until at break opens. Attention: Do not touch the opening to avoid contamination risk Add the content to the water sample seal the vessel and shake to dissolve the granules completely (broth is clear & yellowish). Incubate 18 – 24 hours at 35°– 37°C. Interpretation of Results Negative——- No Color Change Total Coli Form—–Color Change to Blue-green (No discoloration with shaking) E. coli——Check blue-green colored vessel for fluorescence by the UV lamp. To
How to Become a Registered Pharmacist in the USA?
It is famous that becoming a registered pharmacist in the USA is more difficult than becoming a USA. citizen. The reason behind this is that it is a highly competitive industry. It is perhaps because the USA. is one of the driving forces that is pushing the global pharmacy profession forward. Pharmacists in the USA are among the highest-paid pharmacists in the world. They are earning an average salary of around $128,570, according to the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Pharmacist in the USA There are many other benefits of becoming a pharmacist in the USA which include Now come to the point. If you are thinking of becoming a registered pharmacist in the USA then carefully read the whole article. I hope the information provided in the article will help you achieve your goal. Do not forget to bookmark this page so that you can refer to it as you proceed on your journey. Two Ways There are two ways you can adopt if you want to become a registered pharmacist in the USA. One Way The first way is to gain admission to a USA pharmacy school that accepts international students. Second Way The second way is to secure admission to a pharmacy school other than the USA and get a special certification that allows you to practice in the United States. Requirements of Registration (For USA Pharmacy Students) The USA pharmacy students must meet certain requirements to become registered pharmacists. For your ease, I am enlisting these requirements in a logical order. 1. Getting a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm-D) Degree To get a Pharm-D you must study for two years as an undergraduate student and four years of graduate study. Frankly speaking, Non-U.S pharmacy students must meet the same requirements as the U.S students which include prerequisites and standard tests. I must recommend you apply through the Pharmacy College Application Service (PharmCAS) because it is the requirement of most of the USA pharmacy schools. Please visit the PharmCAS website to check which schools accept Non-U.S student applications. 2. NAPLEX Exam Clearance The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) conducts a 225-question exam known as the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX). If you are a graduate of a USA pharmacy school then you must pass NAPLEX in order to get a license to register as a pharmacist. This exam assesses a pharmacist’s knowledge in various fields like providing safe, efficacious, accurate, and competent pharmacotherapy. You must hold a Pharm-D degree to sit in the NAPLEX exam. 3. Getting a State Board License It is interesting to know that each USA state has a board of pharmacy. The responsibility of this board is to set requirements for a graduate pharmacist to get a license. Other than passing the NAPLEX and getting a Pharm-D degree you must also apply for a license in a particular state to practice. The requirements of each state are different as some states made it compulsory for a pharmacist to pass a state law examination. For example Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination (MPJE). Other requirements include criminal record checks and appearance before the pharmacy board. Requirements of Registration (For Non-U.S Pharmacy Students) Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Examination Committee (FPGEC) Certification clearance is mandatory for Non-U.S pharmacy school graduates. After that, they can apply for registration in the state board of pharmacy. Non-U.S. pharmacists must apply to the NABP in order to be considered for the FPGEC, which reviews foreign education and registration. 1. Educational Background You must be a graduate of an accredited pharmacy school to apply for the FPGEC certification. Other requirements include documents showing that you are a registered pharmacist and can practice pharmacy in a foreign country. 2. Evaluation Criteria The following documents are required for evaluation Official application including Educational Credential Evaluators (ECE) Transcript Proof of Degree Translation of non-English documents 3. License Examinations Two examinations for non-USA pharmacists must pass to obtain FPGEC certification. A. Test of English as a Foreign Language Internet-Based Test (TOEFL IBT) The TOEFL IBT, crucial for non-USA pharmacists seeking to validate their English proficiency, can be taken at any approved testing center worldwide. This exam assesses skills in reading, listening, speaking, and writing English, providing a comprehensive measure of an individual’s capability to communicate effectively in an English-speaking environment. Non-USA pharmacists can schedule the TOEFL IBT at any point during their certification process, making it a flexible and accessible requirement for their professional advancement. Typically, pharmacists are required to achieve a minimum score of 89 out of 120, with specific minimums in each section, to meet certification standards. B. Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Examination (FPGEE) The exam contains questions on basic biomedical sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, social, behavioral, administrative pharmacy sciences, and clinical science. There are a total of 250 questions and you must receive a scaled score of 75 or higher in order to pass. The test is offered twice per year. In the end, I would like to wish you all the best in your future endeavors! If you’re eager to advance your career, you might find our guide on How to Become a Registered Pharmacist in the UK particularly insightful and inspiring.
Research Proposal Writing Guide
A research proposal format can vary as per the requirement of institution and type of research. There are few steps in writing a research proposal that is always needed. Normally, a good research proposal takes time to write. The research proposal must identify why the proposed research is important and what it will address. In this article, I will explain all the steps needed to write a good research proposal. Title for your Proposal: The title of a research proposal varies based on the type of research but it should be concise and descriptive. You must try that your title should be interesting enough to read on. You will also want it to be accurate enough that it may come up in searches. Do not use phrases like “A review…..” “An investigation…..” “An overview….” Always use an informative and short title like “Effect of pathogens on non-sterile dosage forms” Title Page: The title page includes the title of a proposal, your name and the institution you are representing. Each university specifies a format for the title page. If no specific format is defined then use APA style. Add header on the left corner which will appear on every page of the research proposal. Include page number on the right side corner of your header. Make sure that page numbers come in all pages of your proposal. Make the title center typically 1/3 of the way down the page. Give double space and add your name immediately below. Following that add your institution and your supervisor’s name. Some institutions may require your contact details on your title page. You may also give your contact details at the end of this page. Abstract The abstract represents the summary of your proposed research. It also includes the solution of the proposed problem, objectives and project funding requirements. Center the word “Abstract” which should be at the top of the page. Start your abstract directly below the abstract heading without indent the paragraph. Make sure your abstract should be between 150-250 words. 4. Choosing the keywords: Choose 4-5 keywords that reflect the main idea of your proposal. These key words suggest what the topic is about. The benefit of choosing the right keywords ensures that your proposal should appear in searches that will be beneficial for the students. For instance, if you are writing a respiratory disease-related proposal then you may choose these keywords. Respiratory system, Lungs, Asthma, etc You can also use a single word or phrase of 2-5 words. Table of contents If your research proposal is longer then you should make a table of content on the third page. The table of content lists all the major sections of your paper. Do not include this table if your proposal consists of only a few pages. Long proposals also need figures, tables, and a list of illustrations. List down all the major contents and parts of the proposal. Introduction: The introduction should contain Problem statement Research purpose Research significance Background Include a quick note about the topic being discussed. Add a definition of the theory from which your proposed research will be based. Write a problem statement before moving further in detailing the problem. Include your problem answer and what new issues does your research raise? Add the purpose of the study. Highlight the goals and objectives of the study. Type research significance which should include why this area of research is Important. Background: Recognize the research problem and show why the work should proceed. If wanted, you can break this segment into numerous subsections. Under a header perusing “Research Question” or “Research Hypothesis,” portray the connection between variables in the research or anticipate the connection between variables. This basically distinguishes the research problem. Under a header perusing “Definition of Terms,” characterize the focal thoughts that will be used in the proposed research. Also, give proof supporting your competence or aptitude in the field. Literature Review In this area, you will demonstrate to your readers that you are aware of current and past research in your subject and show that your exploration will make a huge and generous commitment to it. You will offer credit to different researchers who have laid the foundation, evaluate and integrate their work, and separate your very own research. Don’t transform this segment into a rundown or a dull outline. Sum up existing research in a story-like way that attracts readers while uncovering the opening that your research will endeavor to fill. Proposed research: This segment is the core of the proposal and should incorporate all data about your proposed methodology or approach. This area can likewise be titled “Methodology” Provide a total clarification of your proposed research. Address the clarification to specialists in the field rather than laymen. The setup and data in this segment will rely upon whether your exploration is subjective and quantitative. You’ll likely have subsections like “Exploration Design,” “Instrumentation,” “Information Collection and Analysis Procedures.” You may incorporate data about what you will do to secure the privileges of human subjects, if essential, under a segment called “Assurance of Human Rights.” Other potential subsections may incorporate “Thoroughness,” “Lack of bias,” “Consistency,” and “Pertinence.” You ought to likewise show your insight into elective techniques while putting forth the defense that your methodology is the best method to handle your examination question. Be sensible about what you would like to achieve, clear about your focus, and unequivocal about everything the examination depends on. The depiction ought to likewise incorporate a nitty-gritty timetable of the proposed work and intensive pretty much all basis and materials required. Also incorporate data about sample size and target population, if applicable. Institution resources: Describe all relevant institutional resources in this section. Explain what your institution can offer. List down information like institution past contributions in the area of research, research facilities, and supportive services. References: Select a separate page for it. Include all the references you have used in identifying the problem and forming a research proposal. Personnel Identity:
Total Microbial Count Test: An Easy Guide
Total Microbial Count test refers to the counting of viable microorganisms in any dosage form or raw material etc. There are several official methods for conducting the total microbial count test. I will give you a step-by-step guide on performing the total microbial count test in this article. Having a structured checklist can be invaluable to ensure you conduct the Total Microbial Count test effectively and meet all necessary standards. Our Total Microbial Count Testing Checklist provides a detailed guide on required materials, step-by-step procedures, and essential tips to streamline your process. Download it now to simplify your testing workflow and enhance accuracy! Need Step by Step Checklist? Download our free Total Microbial Count Check List Now let us talk about the procedure of conducting this test. There are two official tests for conducting total microbial tests which I think are easy to perform and are cost-effective. Pour Plate Method Here’s how to get started with the Pour Plate Method: And that’s it! You’re ready to observe the microbial colonies. Spread Plate Method The Spread Plate Method is another simple and effective option: After incubation, count the colonies. The results are expressed in colony-forming units (CFU). If no colonies are observed, report the result as fewer than 10 microorganisms per gram or milliliter. Have additional questions? We’re here to help. Let’s talk. Documentation and Reporting of Results Once the test is complete, it’s time to record your findings. Here’s how: Record these counts on the microbiological testing report. Multiply the observed counts by a factor of 10 for final results. For instance, if no growth is observed, you can proudly declare: “Fewer than 10 microorganisms per gram/ml.” Ensuring accurate microbiological testing is essential not only for dosage forms but also for packaging materials, as explained in our article on Microbiological Testing of Primary Packaging Material. Acceptance Criteria for Microbiological Quality of Non-Sterile Dosage Forms To ensure your results meet quality standards, refer to the acceptance criteria for various dosage forms: Total Microbial Count Acceptance Criteria TAMC (cfu/g or cfu/ml) TCYM (cfu/g) Specified microorganisms Non-aqueous preparation for oral use 103 102 Absence of E.coli in 1g or 1ml. Aqueous preparation for oral use 102 101 Absence of E.coli in 1g or 1ml. Oromucosal use 102 101 Absence of Staphylococcus aureus in 1g or 1ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 1g or 1ml. Vaginal use 102 101 Absence of Candida albicans in 1g or 1ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 1g or 1ml Staphylococcus aureus in 1g or 1ml. By following these steps and maintaining proper documentation, you’re not only ensuring compliance but also contributing to the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products. Happy testing!